Mutations in TEX11 were found in 2.4% of infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia without another known cause. Azoospermia refers to the absence of sperm cells in the semen. This may be due to an obstruction, or an inability to produce mature sperm cells (non-obstructive azoospermia). While some chromosomal abnormalities have been associated with subtypes of non-obstructive azoopermia, the genetic basis of the majority of patients affected is not fully understood.